SUMMARY. Allozyme analysis was used for comparison the genetic structure of two different ages veined rapa whelk communities from one biotope (Odessa Bay). Testing of genotypes was performed at 19 loci of nine enzymes. A common feature of the gene pool of Rapana selected samples is a significant genetic disequilibrium and an elevated level of available heterozygosity of polymorphic loci studied (an average of 16–18 %). Different sexually mature generations of mollusks from a single biotope had a relatively lower level of kinship than groups of Rapana venosa individuals from different areas of the Black Sea. It is characteristic that genetic distance between the investigated Rapana populations was at the level of local populations in all cases. The leading role of migrations in the rapa whelks gene pool formation at the waters of Black Sea northern part have been demonstrated by the analysis of the role of evolutionary factors.
Keywords: Rapana venosa, population, genetic structure, isozymes
Full text and supplemented materials
Free full text: PDFReferences
1. Mann, R., Occhipinti, A., and Harding, J.M., Alien Species Alert: Rapana venosa (Veined Whelk), International Council for the Exploration of the Sea no. 264, ICES Cooperative Res. Rep., 2004.
2. Chukhchin, V.D., Functional Morphology of Rapana, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1970.
3. Chukhchin, V.D., The Ecology of Gastropods of the Black Sea, Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, 1984.
4. Gaevskaya, A.V., Parasites, Diseases and Pests of Mussels (Mytilus, Mytilidae). II. Mollusks, Sevastopol: ECOSY-Hydrophysics, 2006.
5. Shadrin, N.V. and Afanasyev, T.A., Nutrition and the distribution of Rapana venosa (Vallenciennes, 1846) in the waters of Opuksky Reserve (Eastern Crimea, the Black Sea), Marine Ecol. J., 2009, vol. 8, no. 2, p. 24.
6. Zaika, V., Sergeeva, N., and Kolesnikova, E., Alien species in bottom macrofauna of the Black Sea: their distribution and influence on benthic communities, Marine Ecol. J., 2010, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 5–7.
7. Zolotarev, V., The Black Sea ecosystem changes related to the introduction of new mollusk species, Marine Ecol., 1996, vol. 17, nos. 1–3, pp. 227–236.
8. Mann, R. and Harding, J.M., Salinity tolerance of larval Rapana venosa: implications for dispersal and establishment of an invading predatory gastropod on the North American Atlantic coast, Biol. Bull., 2003, vol. 204, no. 1, pp. 96–103. https://doi.org/10.2307/1543499
9. Savini, D. and Occhipinti-Ambrogi, A., Consumption rates and prey preference of the invasive gastropod Rapana venosa in the Northern Adriatic Sea, Helgol. Mar. Res., 2006, vol. 60, pp. 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10152-006-0029-4
10. Toptikov, V.A., Totsky, V.N., Alieksieieva, T.G., and Kovtun, O.A., Population genetic structure of veined Rapa whelk communities in the Northwestern Black sea, Cytol. Genet., 2017, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 253–262. https://doi.org/10.3103/S0095452717040107
11. Kovtun, O.I., Toptikov, V.A., and Totsky, V.M., Comparative morphological characteristic of Rapana venosa (Gastropoda: Muricidae, Rapaninae) from different water areas of the northern part of the Black sea, ONU Herald. Biol., 2014, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 68–80. https://doi.org/10.18524/2077-1746.2014.1(34).39991
12. Toptikov, V.A., Totsky, V.N., Alieksieieva, T.G., and Kovtun, O.A., Hydrolytic enzymes expressivity in different parts of the Rapana digestive system, Ukr. Biochem. J., 2016, vol. 88, no. 3, pp. 5–17. https://doi.org/10.15407/ubj88.03.005
13. Manchenko, G.P., Handbook of Detection of Enzymes on Electrophoretic Gels, CRC Press, 2003.
14. Burstone, M.S., Enzyme Histochemistry and Its Application in the Study of Neoplasms, New York: Academic Press, 1962.
15. Ayala, F.J., Population and Evolutionary Genetics: A Primer, Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings, 1982.
16. Ayala, F.J. and Kiger, J.A., Modern Genetics, Menlo Park, California: Benjamin/Cummings, 1984, 2nd ed.
17. Altukhov, Yu.P., Genetic Processes in Populations, Moscow: Akademkniga, 2003.
18. Kartavtsev, Yu.F., Molecular Evolution and Population Genetics, Vladivostok: FEFU Publishing House, 2008.
19. Li, Ch.Ch., First Course in Population Genetics, California: Pacific Grove, 1976.
20. Physiological and Biochemical and Genetic Studies of Fish Fauna of the Azov-Black Sea Pool: Methodological Guide, Rostov-on-Don: Everest, 2005.
21. Wright, S., The genetical structure of populations, Ann. Eugen, 1951, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 323–354.
22. Wright, S., Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, vol. 4: Variability Within and Among Natural Populations, Univ. Chicago Press, 1984.
23. Nei, M., Genetic distance between populations, Am. Nat., 1972, vol. 106, no. 949, pp. 283–292. https://doi.org/10.1086/282771
24. Slatkin, M., Gene flow in natural populations, Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 1985, vol. 16, pp. 393–430. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.16.110185.002141
25. De Vicente, M.C., Lopez, C., and Fulton, T., Genetic Diversity Analysis with Molecular Marker Data: Learning Module, Rome: International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (Ipgri), 2004.
26. Wolf, J., Dietl, G., Peskovicova, D., and Langhammer, M., Heterozygosity between populations—a possible alternative to measures of genetic distance, Arch. Tierz, 2001, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 231–236. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-44-231-2001
27. Bondarev, I.P., Dynamics of Rapana venosa (VALLENCIENNES, 1846) (Gastropoda: Muricidae) population in the Black Sea, Int. J. Mar. Sci., 2014, vol. 4, no. 03, pp. 42–56. https://doi.org/10.5376/ijms.2014.04.0003
28. Totskiy, V.N., Khaustova, N.D., Alshibli, N.M., and Sechnyak, A.L., Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of ontogenetic and phylogenetic adaptation, Cytol. Genet., 2002, vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 69–75.
29. Yang, J., Li, Q., Kong, L., Zheng, X., and Wang, R., Genetic structure of the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) populations along the coast of China, Biochem. Genet., 2008, vol. 46, nos. 9–10, pp. 539–548. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10528-008-9168-4
30. An, J., Yu, H., Yu, R., Kong, L., and Li, Q., Isolation and characterization of 23 microsatellite loci in the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa), Conserv. Genet. Resour., 2013, vol. 5, pp. 1049–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-013-9967-8
31. Ayala, F.J., Hedgecock, G.S., and Zumwalt, J.M.V., Genetic variation in Tridacna maxima, an ecological analog of some unsuccessful evolutionary lineages, Evolution, 1973, vol. 27, pp. 177–191. https://doi.org/10.2307/2406959
32. Johnson, G.B., Enzyme polymorphisms and metabolism, Science, 1971, vol. 184, pp. 28–37. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.184.4132.28
33. Leclair, L.L. and Phelps, S.R., Genetic characteristics and relationships of five razor clam (Siliqua parula Dixon) populations along the Pacific coast of North America, J. Shellfish. Res., 1994, vol. 13, pp. 207–216.
34. Chandler, E.A., McDowell, J.R., and Graver, J.E., Genetically monomorphic invasive populations of the rapa whelk, Rapana venosa, Mol. Ecol., 2008, vol. 17, no. 18, pp. 4079–4091. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.03897.x
35. Kholina, A.B., Koren, O.G., and Zhuravlev, Yu.N., High level of polymorphism and autotetraploid origin of the rare endemic species Oxytropis chankaensis Jurtz. (Fabaceae) inferred from allozyme data, Russ. J. Genet., 2004, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 497–505.
36. Geodakyan, V.A., Further Development of the Genetic and Ecological Theory of Sex Differentiation, Mathematical Methods in Biology, Kiev: Naukova Dumka, 1982.
37. Sayenko, E.M., Dynamics of biochemical indicators of Rapana (Rapana thomasiana) tissues at different periods of the annual cycle, Probl. Fish., 2008, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 788–796.
38. Wright, S., Evolution in Mendelian populations, Genetics, 1931, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 97–159.
39. Kimura, M. and Maruyama, T., Pattern of neutral polymorphism in a geographically structured population, Genet. Res., 1971, vol. 18, pp. 125–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300012520 40. Ivanov, V.A. and Belokopytov, V.N., Oceanography of the Black Sea, ECOSY-Hydrophysics, Sevastopol. 2011. Belevich, R.R., Skipa, M.I., and Sryberko, A.V., Quantitative evaluation of mass transfer Black Sea water flows on climate data, Ecol. Safety Coastal Shelf Zones Sea, 2013, vol. 27, pp. 221–225.