SUMMARY. Comparative analysis of the rates of molecular evolution, transition bias and its evolutionary compensation is carried out on the example of mitochondrial (D-loop, Cytb, COI, 12S RNA) and nuclear (IRBP, Fv) DNA markers in the Murinae subfamily. According to the levels of variability, markers can be divided into three classes: 1) hypervariable (D-loop), 2) rapidly evolving (Cytb, COI), 3) conservative (12S RNA, IRBP, Fv). The nature of nucleotide substitutions appears in accordance to the levels of variability. In the situation with D-loop, there is a maximum initial bias, which is already partially compensated at the early stages of speciation, and completely compensated at the stages of species divergence. The pronounced bias within the Cytb, COI genes is only partially compensated, moreover at the genus levels. The 12S RNA, IRBP, and Fv genes with a low level of transition bias do not show evolutionary compensation as such, and the decrease of the ts/tv index in the evolutionary lineage has a technical character and is a consequence of a relative decrease of the difference in the frequencies of transitions and transversions against the background of an absolute increase in the frequencies of substitutions. The positive relationship between the intensity of nucleotide substitutions, the level of transition bias and the rates of its evolutionary compensation proves that these phenomena have the same primary basis.
Keywords: molecular evolution, transition bias, ts/tv-index, genetic saturation, evolutionary specialization, Murinae
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